ACA Unit 2 Notes

CS603(A) Advanced Computer Architecture Unit 2 study material for RGPV CSE 6th Semester. This unit covers instruction set architecture, CISC, RISC, VLIW, memory hierarchy, locality, coherence, interleaved memory organization and backplane bus systems.

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Unit 2 Overview

Unit 2 explains how processor instruction sets and memory systems are designed. It focuses on CISC, RISC, VLIW architectures, memory hierarchy principles, interleaved memory, bus systems and system-level communication mechanisms.

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Instruction Set Architecture

Learn how processors understand instructions and how instruction set design affects performance.

RISC, CISC & VLIW

Compare different processor architectures used in high-performance computing systems.

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Memory & Bus Systems

Study memory hierarchy, interleaving, backplane buses, arbitration and interrupt handling.

Unit 2 Topics Covered

Complete syllabus-based topics of ACA Unit 2.

Instruction Set Architecture

Instruction Set Architecture defines the set of instructions, addressing modes, registers and operations supported by a processor.

CISC Scalar Processors

Complex Instruction Set Computer architecture uses powerful and complex instructions to perform multiple low-level operations in a single instruction.

RISC Scalar Processors

Reduced Instruction Set Computer architecture uses simple, fixed-length instructions for faster execution and efficient pipelining.

VLIW Architecture

Very Long Instruction Word architecture combines multiple operations into one long instruction to exploit instruction-level parallelism.

Memory Hierarchy

Organization of registers, cache, main memory and secondary storage according to speed, cost and capacity.

Inclusion, Coherence and Locality

Important memory concepts that improve performance and maintain consistency across memory levels.

Memory Capacity Planning

Planning memory size and organization according to system requirements and performance goals.

Interleaved Memory Organization

Memory is divided into multiple modules so that consecutive memory accesses can be performed faster.

Memory Interleaving

A technique used to increase memory bandwidth by accessing multiple memory modules in parallel.

Pipelined Memory Access

Memory access is divided into stages so that multiple memory operations can overlap in execution.

Bandwidth and Fault Tolerance

Bandwidth measures data transfer capacity, while fault tolerance allows system operation even after failures.

Backplane Bus System

A communication system that connects CPU, memory and I/O modules through a shared bus structure.

Bus Specification

Defines bus width, timing, control signals, address lines and data transfer rules.

Addressing and Timing Protocols

Protocols that decide how addresses are placed on the bus and how data transfer timing is controlled.

Arbitration, Transaction and Interrupt

Bus arbitration selects the device that gets bus control, transactions transfer data, and interrupts notify CPU about events.

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Detailed Notes

Complete ACA Unit 2 notes for exam preparation.

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Important Questions

Most expected RGPV questions from ACA Unit 2.

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PYQ Analysis

Previous year question analysis for scoring preparation.

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Important Questions - ACA Unit 2

These questions are useful for 7 marks and 14 marks answers in RGPV exams.

  1. Explain Instruction Set Architecture and its importance.
  2. Explain CISC scalar processor architecture.
  3. Explain RISC scalar processor architecture.
  4. Differentiate between RISC and CISC processors.
  5. Explain VLIW architecture with advantages and limitations.
  6. Compare RISC, CISC and VLIW architectures.
  7. Explain memory hierarchy with neat diagram.
  8. Explain the principle of locality in memory hierarchy.
  9. Explain inclusion and coherence in memory systems.
  10. What is memory capacity planning? Explain briefly.
  11. Explain interleaved memory organization.
  12. What is memory interleaving? Explain its advantages.
  13. Explain pipelined memory access.
  14. Explain memory bandwidth and fault tolerance.
  15. Explain backplane bus system.
  16. Explain bus specification and bus standards.
  17. Explain addressing and timing protocols in bus systems.
  18. Explain bus arbitration techniques.
  19. Explain bus transaction with suitable example.
  20. Explain interrupt mechanism in bus systems.

PYQ Analysis Table

High-priority topics from ACA Unit 2 for RGPV exam preparation.

Topic Expected Frequency Importance
RISC Architecture Very High ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
CISC Architecture Very High ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
RISC vs CISC Very High ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
VLIW Architecture High ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
Memory Hierarchy Very High ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
Locality of Reference High ⭐⭐⭐⭐
Interleaved Memory High ⭐⭐⭐⭐
Backplane Bus System Medium ⭐⭐⭐⭐
Bus Arbitration Medium ⭐⭐⭐⭐
Interrupt Mechanism Medium ⭐⭐⭐⭐

FAQs - ACA Unit 2

What is Instruction Set Architecture?

Instruction Set Architecture is the interface between hardware and software. It defines the instructions, registers, addressing modes and operations supported by a processor.

What is the difference between RISC and CISC?

RISC uses simple and fixed-length instructions, while CISC uses complex instructions that can perform multiple operations in a single instruction.

Why is memory hierarchy important?

Memory hierarchy improves system performance by placing frequently used data in faster memory levels like cache and registers.

What is VLIW architecture?

VLIW stands for Very Long Instruction Word. It executes multiple operations in parallel using a single long instruction word.

Which topics are most important in ACA Unit 2?

RISC vs CISC, VLIW architecture, memory hierarchy, locality of reference, interleaved memory and bus arbitration are highly important.

Is Unit 2 important for RGPV exam?

Yes, Unit 2 is very important because processor architecture and memory hierarchy questions are commonly asked in RGPV exams.

Why Study ACA Unit 2?

Exam Point of View

RISC, CISC, VLIW, memory hierarchy and bus systems are very important for RGPV exams.

Interview Preparation

RISC vs CISC, cache hierarchy, locality and bus arbitration are common computer architecture interview topics.

Concept Foundation

Unit 2 builds the base for understanding pipelining, cache coherence, memory access and modern CPU design.